GRAMMAR 10

1. combine sentences using "who" 

 Rules to Combine Sentences Using "Who"

1. "Who" is used for people.

2. It joins two sentences where the second sentence gives more information about the person.

3. Place "who" immediately after the noun (person) it describes.

4. Remove the repeated subject (he, she, they, etc.) from the second sentence.

 Examples

1. This is the boy. He won the race.
    This is the boy who won the race.

2. She is the girl. She sings sweetly.
    She is the girl who sings sweetly.

3. I know the man. He lives next door.
    I know the man who lives next door.

4. That is the teacher. He teaches us English.
    That is the teacher who teaches us English.

5. Meet my friend. He helped me yesterday.
    Meet my friend who helped me yesterday.

6. They are the players. They won the match.
    They are the players who won the match.

7. She met a doctor. He treated her kindly.
    She met a doctor who treated her kindly.

8. This is the girl. She topped the class.
    This is the girl who topped the class.

9. I know a boy. He can solve this problem.
   I know a boy who can solve this problem.

10. That is the policeman. He caught the thief.
     That is the policeman who caught the thief.

            2. rewrite “unless” sentences using “if”.

 Rule for Changing Unless → If

1. Unless = If…not

   • "Unless you study, you will fail."

   • = "If you do not study, you will fail."

2. Keep the meaning the same while rewriting.

3. Replace unless + positive with if + negative.

  Examples

1. Unless you study, you will fail.
    If you do not study, you will fail.

2. Unless she works hard, she cannot pass.
    If she does not work hard, she cannot pass.

3. Unless it rains, we will go out.
    If it does not rain, we will go out.

4. Unless you run fast, you will miss the bus.
    If you do not run fast, you will miss the bus.

5. Unless they invite us, we won’t attend the party.
    If they do not invite us, we won’t attend the party.

6. Unless you respect others, no one will respect you.
    If you do not respect others, no one will respect you.

7. Unless you eat well, you will fall ill.
    If you do not eat well, you will fall ill.

8. Unless he practices daily, he won’t improve.
    If he does not practice daily, he won’t improve.

9. Unless we save money, we can’t buy a new car.
    If we do not save money, we can’t buy a new car.

10. Unless you tell the truth, people won’t trust you.
     If you do not tell the truth, people won’t trust you.

3.  “too…to” and “so…that” 

 Rule 1: too…to → so…that

 Structure:

• too + adjective + to + verb so + adjective + that + subject + cannot/could not + verb

Examples:

• The box is too heavy to lift.
  The box is so heavy that it cannot be lifted.

• He was too weak to run.
   He was so weak that he could not run.

 Rule 2: so…that → too…to

 Structure:

• so + adjective + that + subject + cannot/could not + verb
  too + adjective + to + verb

Examples:

• The bag was so heavy that I could not carry it.
   The bag was too heavy to carry.

• The boy is so young that he cannot drive a car.
   The boy is too young to drive a car.

Shortcut to Remember:

• too…to = impossible to do something

• so…that = result (cannot / could not happen)

1. The tea is too hot to drink.
    The tea is so hot that it cannot be drunk.

2. The boy is too weak to walk.
    The boy is so weak that he cannot walk.

3. The problem is too difficult to solve.
    The problem is so difficult that it cannot be solved.

4. The bag is too heavy to carry.
    The bag is so heavy that it cannot be carried.

5. The girl is too young to drive a car.
    The girl is so young that she cannot drive a car.

6. The question was too tricky to answer.
   The question was so tricky that it could not be answered.

7. The old man is too tired to work.
    The old man is so tired that he cannot work.

8. The box was too big to fit in the cupboard.
    The box was so big that it could not fit in the cupboard.

9. The hill is too steep to climb.
    The hill is so steep that it cannot be climbed.

10. The movie was too boring to watch till the end.
     The movie was so boring that it could not be watched till the end.

change a sentence into Past Continuous Tense 

 Rules for Past Continuous Tense

1. Structure: Subject + was/were + verb(+ing) + object

2. Use was with singular subjects (I, he, she, it, singular nouns).

3. Use were with plural subjects (we, you, they, plural nouns).

4. It shows an action that was going on in the past.

 Example (Your Question)

• Present Continuous: They are playing football.

• Past Continuous: They were playing football.

 10 Examples

1. She is reading a book.
    She was reading a book.

2. He is watching TV.
    He was watching TV.

3. I am writing a letter.
    I was writing a letter.

4. They are dancing on the stage.
    They were dancing on the stage.

5. We are studying English.
    We were studying English.

6. You are listening to music.
    You were listening to music.

7. The children are playing in the park.
    The children were playing in the park.

8. My mother is cooking food.
    My mother was cooking food.

9. The dog is barking loudly.
    The dog was barking loudly.

10. The teacher is teaching the lesson.
    The teacher was teaching the lesson.

 to change a simple past tense sentence into its negative form.

 Rules for Negative in Simple Past Tense

1. Structure: Subject + did not (didn’t) + V1st form + object

2. Always use the V1st form of the verb after did not (not the past form).

3. "Did not" shows the negative action in the past. Example (Your Question)

• Affirmative: He helped me.

• Negative: He did not help me.

 10 Examples

1. She went to school.
    She did not go to school.

2. They played cricket.
    They did not play cricket.

3. I read the book.
    I did not read the book.

4. We watched a movie.
    We did not watch a movie.

5. He wrote a letter.
   He did not write a letter.

6. The teacher taught us English.
    The teacher did not teach us English.

7. She sang a song.
    She did not sing a song.

8. The boy drank milk.
    The boy did not drink milk.

9. My father bought a car.
    My father did not buy a car.

10. The children played in the park.
     The children did not play in the park.