NOTE MAKING 11

What is Note-Making?

Note-making is the process of writing important points from a passage, lecture, or book in a short and organized way.

• It helps in quick revision.

• Notes include main ideas, subpoints, and keywords.

• Instead of writing full sentences, you use short phrases or abbreviations.

Purpose of Note-Making:

1. Helps understand and remember the topic.

2. Saves time during revision.

3. Makes study easier and organized.

Features of Good Notes:

• Clear title.

• Main points and subpoints.

• Keywords only.

• Abbreviations for quick writing.

• Logical and easy-to-read format.

Main Points and Subpoints:

1. Main Point 1

• 1.1 Subpoint 1

• 1.2 Subpoint 2

• 1.3 Subpoint 3

2. Main Point 2

• 2.1 Subpoint 1

• 2.2 Subpoint 2

• 2.3 Subpoint 3

3. Main Point 3

• 3.1 Subpoint 1

• 3.2 Subpoint 2

• 3.3 Subpoint 3

…and so on.

Key to Abbreviations (Optional)

• Use short forms to save space.

• Example:

  • ↑ = increase

  • → = leads to / results in

  • & = and

Tips for Note-Making:

1. Read the passage carefully first.

2. Identify main ideas and supporting details.

3. Use short phrases instead of full sentences.

4. Highlight keywords for quick revision.

5. Organize in logical order for clarity.

Example :- 

How does television affect our lives. It can be very helpful to people who carefully choose the shows that they watch. Television can increase our knowledge of the outside world, there are high quality programmes that helps us to understand many fields of study, science, medicine, the arts and so on. Moreover, television benefits very old people, who can't often leave the house as well as patients in hospitals. It also offers non native speakers the advantage of daily informal language practice. They can increase their vocabulary and practice listening.

On the other hand, there are several serious disadvantages of television. Of course, it provides us with a pleasant way to relax and spend our free time, but in some countries, people watch the 'blood tube' for an average of six hours or more a day. Many children stare at a television screen for more hours each day than they do anything else including studying & sleeping. It's clear that the tube has a powerful influence on their lives and that its influence if often negative.

Title: Effect of Television on Our Lives

Notes:

1. Usefulness of TV
   1.1 Incr. knowledge of outside world
   1.2 Edu. prog. – science, medicine, arts, history
   1.3 Helpful for old people & patients
   1.4 Helps non-native spkrs. → improves vocab. & listening

2. Disadvantages of TV
   2.1 Excessive watching – 6 hrs/day in some countries
   2.2 Children watch > study/sleep
   2.3 Reduces outdoor activity & study time
   2.4 Violent prog. negatively influence young minds

3. Conclusion
   3.1 TV can be a teacher if watched wisely
   3.2 Harmful if wasted time on useless prog.

Key to Abbreviations

• Incr. – Increase

• Edu. – Educational

• Prog. – Programmes

• Spkrs. – Speakers

• Vocab. – Vocabulary

 1. Despite all the research every one of us catches a cold and most of us catch it frequently. Our failure to control one of the commonest of all ailments sometimes seems ridiculous. Medical science regularly practices transplant surgery and has rid whole countries of such fatal diseases as Typhus and the Plague. But the problem of the common cold is unusually difficult and much has yet to be done to solve it. It is known that a cold is caused by one of a number of viral infections that affect the lining of the nose and other passages leading to the lungs but the confusing variety of viruses makes study and remedy very difficult.

 It was shown in 1960 that many typical colds in adults are caused by one or the other of a family of viruses known as rhinoviruses, yet there still remain many colds for which no virus has as yet been isolated. There is also the difficulty that because they are so much smaller than the bacteria which cause many other infections, viruses cannot be seen with ordinary microscopes.

Title: Common Cold – A Persistent Problem

Notes:

1. Common Cold
   1.1 Very common ailment, still uncontrolled.
   1.2 Occurs frequently in most people.
   1.3 Despite medical progress, cold remains unsolved.

2. Cause of Cold
   2.1 Caused by viral infns.
   2.2 Viruses affect nose & lung passages.
   2.3 Variety of viruses makes cure diff.

3. Research on Viruses
   3.1 1960 – Rhinoviruses found in adults.
   3.2 Still many colds w/o identified virus.
   3.3 Viruses too small to be seen by ordinary micro.

Key to Abbreviations:

• infns. = infections

• diff. = difficult

• w/o = without

• micro. = microscope

2. I remember my childhood as being generally happy and can recall experiencing some of the most carefree times of my life. But I can also remember, even more vividly, moments of being deeply frightened. As a child, I was truly -terrified of the dark and getting lost. These fears were very real and caused me some extremely uncomfortable moments. Maybe it was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that scared me so much. There was never total darkness, but a street light or passing car lights made clothes hung over a chair take on the shape of an unknown beast. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw curtains move when there was no breeze. A tiny creak in the floor would sound a hundred times louder than in the daylight and my imagination would take over, creating burglars and monsters. 

Darkness always made me feel helpless. My heart would pound and I would lie very still so that ‘the enemy’ wouldn’t discover me. Another childhood fear of mine was that I would get lost, especially on the way home from school. Every morning, I got on the school bus right near my home—that was no problem. After school, though, when all the buses were lined up along the curve, I was terrified that I would get on the wrong one and be taken to some unfamiliar neighbourhood. I would scan the bus for the faces of my friends, make sure that the bus driver was the same one that had been there in the morning, and even then, ask the others over and over again to be sure I was in the right bus. 

:

Title: Childhood Fears

Notes:

1. Happy Memories
   1.1 Childhood – generally happy.
   1.2 Carefree times.
   1.3 Some moments of fear.

2. Fear of Darkness
   2.1 Darkness made familiar room look strange.
   2.2 Clothes looked like beasts, curtains moved w/o breeze.
   2.3 Tiny creaks sounded louder – imag. created burglars & monsters.
   2.4 Darkness made child feel helpless – heart pounding, lying still.

3. Fear of Getting Lost
   3.1 Afraid after school – wrong bus.
   3.2 Checked faces of frnds, bus driver, asked others repeatedly.
   3.3 Fear of ending in unfamiliar place.

Key to Abbreviations:

• w/o = without

• imag. = imagination

• frnds = friends

3.Conversation is indeed the most easily teachable of all arts. All you need to do in order to become a good conversationalist is to find a subject that interests you and your listeners. There are, for example, numberless hobbies to talk about.

 But the important thing is that you must talk about other fellow’s hobby rather than your own. Therein lies the secret of your popularity. Talk to your friends about the things that interest them, and you will get a reputation for good fellowship, charming wit, and a brilliant mind.

 There is nothing that pleases people so much as your interest in their interest. It is just as important to know what subjects to avoid and what subjects to select for good conversation. If you don’t want to be set down as a wet blanket or a bore, be careful to avoid certain unpleasant subjects. Avoid talking about yourself, unless you are asked to do so. People are interested in their own problems not in yours. Sickness or death bores everybody. The only one who willingly listens to such talk is the doctor, but he gets paid for it.

Title: Art of Conversation

Notes:

1. Easy Art
   1.1 Conversation = most easily teachable art.
   1.2 Needs a subject interesting to both speaker & listeners.
   1.3 Many hobbies available for discussion.

2. Secret of Popularity
   2.1 Talk about others’ hobbies, not your own.
   2.2 Interest in others’ interests → makes you popular.
   2.3 Gains reputation of good fellowship, wit & brilliance.

3. Topics to Avoid
   3.1 Avoid unpleasant subjects.
   3.2 Don’t talk too much about self (unless asked).
   3.3 People care about their problems, not yours.
   3.4 Avoid talk of sickness/death → bores everyone (except doctor).

Key to Abbreviations:

• → = leads to

• & = and

• 4. This isn’t a mountain region of mere subjective beauty. Nor one, which claims its greatness, based on just an overwhelming opinion of a large majority. For Sikkim is a treasure that few know about. However, the facts of its remarkable geography bear enough testimony to pitch Sikkim in a slot that no other mountain region, anywhere in the world, could duplicate or rival. What Everest is to peaks, Sikkim is to the mountains. Tragically, a region so wild and exotic and with such geographic and climatic extremes, with its amazing wilds and not its unremarkable hill stations, ensure its accessibility to the adventurous only. Just delve on these facts a bit. From the plains, in a mere 80 km as the crow flies, the altitude reaches 28,168 feet at the very top of Kanchenjunga, the third highest peak in the world. Such a sharp elevation is unrivalled anywhere else and is the first geographical claim of Sikkim. The second is an offshoot of the first. Nowhere else do so many 7,000 metre plus peaks crowd up in such a confined space. And the third is really a consequence of the first and the second with the sharp gradation, creating the most variegated flora and fauna possible anywhere in the mountains. The fourth uniqueness is also a consequence of the first and the second and lies in the extremes of the climate which ranges from the tropical to the typical arctic type. And the fifth claim is its thin permanent population and relatively fewer travellers by virtue of its remote far-eastern Himalayan location.

• Title: Unique Geography of Sikkim

  Notes:

  1. Not Mere Beauty

  2. 
     1.1 Sikkim = hidden treasure.
     1.2 Geog. makes it unique, not just opinions.
     1.3 Accessible mainly to adv. people, not tourists.

  3. Sharp Elevation & High Peaks
     2.1 From plains to 28,168 ft (Kanchenjunga) in 80 km.
     2.2 Many 7,000 m+ peaks in small space.
     2.3 Elevation creates rare geog. features.

  4. Flora, Fauna & Climate
     3.1 Sharp gradation → rich biodiv.
     3.2 Temp. varies from tropical to arctic.
     3.3 Unique mix of species due to diff. climates.

  5. Population & Accessibility
     4.1 Thin pop. due to remoteness.
     4.2 Relatively fewer travellers.
     4.3 Known mainly to adv. explorers.

  Key to Abbreviations:

  • geog. = geography

  • adv. = adventurous

  • ft = feet

  • m = metre

  • biodiv. = biodiversity

  • temp. = temperature

  • pop. = population

  • diff. = different

• 5. To live in harmony with oneself and the environment is the wish of every human. However, in modem times greater physical and emotional demands are constantly placed upon many areas of life. More and more people suffer from physical and mental tension such as stress, anxiety, insomnia, and there is an imbalance in physical activity and proper exercise. 

• This is why methods and techniques for the attainment and improvement of health, as well as physical, mental and spiritual harmony, are of great importance, and Yoga meets this requirement. The word “Yoga” originates from Sanskrit and means “to join, to unite”. Yoga exercises have a holistic effect and bring body, mind, consciousness and soul into a balance. In this way Yoga assists us in coping with everyday demands, problems and worries.

•  The exercise levels have been worked out in consultation with doctors and physiotherapists and can therefore — with observation of the stated rules and precautions—be practiced independently at home by anyone. “Yoga in Daily Life” is a holistic system, which means it takes into consideration not only the physical, but also the mental and spiritual aspects. Positive thinking, perseverance, discipline, orientation towards the Supreme, prayer as well as kindness and understanding form the way to Self Knowledge and Self-Realisation.

Title: Yoga – A Way to Harmony

Notes:

1. Need for Harmony
   1.1 Human wish – harmony with self & env.
   1.2 Modern life – inc. stress, anxiety, insomnia.
   1.3 Imbalance in phys. activity & exer.

2. Role of Yoga
   2.1 Yoga = Sanskrit word – “to join, unite”.
   2.2 Brings body, mind, consc. & soul into balance.
   2.3 Helps cope with daily demands & worries.

3. Practice of Yoga
   3.1 Exer. levels made with doctors & physiotherapists.
   3.2 Can be pract. at home with rules & precaut.
   3.3 “Yoga in Daily Life” = holistic system (phys., ment., sp.).

4. Path to Self-Realisation
   4.1 Positive thinking, persever., discipline.
   4.2 Orient. towards Supreme, prayer.
   4.3 Kindness & understand. – way to self-knowledge & self-realisation.

Key to Abbreviations:

• env. = environment

• inc. = increase

• phys. = physical

• exer. = exercise

• consc. = consciousness

• pract. = practiced/practice

• precaut. = precautions

• ment. = mental

• sp. = spiritual

• persever. = perseverance

• orient. = orientation

• understand. = understanding

• Pollution is the intermixing of harmful substances known as pollutants with the natural environmental components. There are various forms of Pollution, like land pollution, water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. No matter which form of infection it is, it has dangerous impacts on our environment.

•  Pollution is the addition of unwanted substances into the environment that can damage our Earth. There are 4 main types of Pollution; water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, and noise pollution. All kinds of Pollution are a result of careless activities by man. We dump waste directly into water bodies, which results in water pollution. Air pollution is caused when vehicles release smoke into the atmosphere and make it difficult to breathe for all organisms. Soil pollution is caused by directly dumping our waste into landfills. Noise pollution is not visible, but it is a dangerous form of Pollution that can damage our ears.

•  Water pollution forms a major category of Pollution and has become an urgent crisis in many countries. We cannot survive without water. So, when most of the water bodies will dry up or get chocked, the human population will come to an end. The next big form of Pollution is air pollution. It is mainly caused by toxic exhumes from vehicles and the burning of coal for electricity. 

• 
  

  Pollution

  1. Definition & Nature
  1.1 Poll. mixing of polluts. with env. comps.
  1.2 Unwanted subs. harm Earth & living beings.
  1.3 Careless human acts main cause.

  2. Major Types
  2.1 Water Poll. waste in rivers/lakes, serious crisis.
  2.2 Air Poll.  smoke from veh. & coal burning, breathing probl.
  2.3 Soil Poll.  waste in landfills, land degr.
  2.4 Noise Poll.  invisible form, affects ears & health.

  3. Impacts
  3.1 All forms harm env. balance.
  3.2 Water poll. → scarcity, threatens survival.
  3.3 Air poll. → diseases & climate probl.
  3.4 Soil poll. → less fert., low crop yield.
  3.5 Noise poll. → stress & hearing loss.

  Key to Abbr.:
  poll. – pollution
  polluts. – pollutants
  env. – environment
  comps. – components
  subs. – substances
  acts – activities
  veh. – vehicles
  probl. – problems
  degr. – degradation
  fert. – fertility

  class 10

Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide, the major constituent being methane. Biogas is produced by anaerobic degradation of animal wastes (sometimes plant wastes) in the presence of water. Anaerobic degradation means break–down of organic matter by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. Biogas is a non-polluting, clean and low-cost fuel which is very useful for rural areas where a lot of animal waste and agricultural waste are available. India has the largest cattle population in the world (240 million) and has tremendous potential for biogas production. From cattle dung alone, we can produce biogas of a magnitude of 22,500 mm3 annually. Air-tight digestion/degradation of animal waste is safe as it eliminates health hazards which normally occur in case of direct use of dung due to direct exposure to faecal pathogens and parasite.

Title: Biogas

1. Defn. (Definition)

• 1.1 Mix of gases: CH₄ (maj), CO₂, H₂, H₂S

• 1.2 Prod. by anaer. degrdn of anim./plant waste + H₂O

2. Anaer. Degrdn (Anaerobic Degradation)

• 2.1 Bact. break org. matter w/o O₂

3. Advtg. (Advantages)

• 3.1 Clean, non-poll., low-cost fuel

• 3.2 Useful in rural areas w/ agri./anim. waste

4. Ind. Potl. (India’s Potential)

• 4.1 Cattle pop.: 240 mil

• 4.2 Biogas prod.: 22,500 mm³/yr from cattle dung

5. Safety

• 5.1 Air-tight digester → prevents path./parasite exposure

2. When planning to go on a vacation, the tendency is to make sure that the travel plans are hassle free, before stepping out of one’s doors. This involves booking by train, bus or even by air to one’s chosen destination. Yet the greatest holidays can be enjoyed by going on foot and I am not referring to trekking expeditions into the wilds. Any holiday can be made into a walking trip by opting out of a bus ride or a train journey or a taxi drop, by selecting to go on foot. Besides, walking is a great form of exercise and, above all, helps you to go deep into the local culture, the daily lives of people, their food and their music. Walking helps you enhance the adventurous streak in you. If you are out on a beach holiday, instead of workouts at the gym, head out to the water for your exercise. Resort pools are a great way to have fun and stay fit and are suitable for all ages. Wake up early to start your day with a swim and you can also recruit family and friends to join in to make the activity even more interesting. 

Title: Walking Holidays & Fitness

1. Planning a Vacation

• 1.1 Usual tendency: ensure hassle-free travel

• 1.2 Common bookings: train, bus, air to destination

2. Walking Holidays

• 2.1 Can turn any holiday into a walking trip

  • 2.1.1 Opt out of bus/train/taxi rides

• 2.2 Benefits of walking:

  • 2.2.1 Great exercise

  • 2.2.2 Explore local culture: daily lives, food, music

  • 2.2.3 Enhances adventurous streak

3. Beach Holidays & Exercise

• 3.1 Use water for workouts instead of gym

• 3.2 Resort pools: fun + fitness for all ages

• 3.3 Early morning swim: can involve family/friends

Abbreviations (Abr.):

• Vac. = Vacation

• Exer. = Exercise

• Opt = Opt out / Choose

• Gym = Gymnasium

• Fam. = Family

• Frnds. = Friends

In democratic countries, any effort to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly criticized. However, this freedom can be easily abused. Stories about people often attract far more public attention than political events. Though we may enjoy reading about the lives of others, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enjoy reading about ourselves. Acting on the basis that facts are sacred, reporters can cause untold sufferings to individuals by publishing details about their private lives. Newspapers have such a great influence that not only can they bring about major changes to the lives of ordinary people but can even overthrow the government

Title: Freedom of the Press

1. Press Freedom in Democracies

• 1.1 Efforts to restrict press freedom → rightly criticized

• 1.2 Freedom can be easily abused

2. Public Interest vs. Privacy

• 2.1 Stories about people attract more attention than political events

• 2.2 People enjoy reading about others, not themselves

• 2.3 Publishing private details → untold sufferings

3. Influence of Newspapers

• 3.1 Can bring major changes in ordinary people’s lives

• 3.2 Can even overthrow governments

Abbreviations (Abr.):

• Press = Newspaper/Media

• Priv. = Private

• Gov. = Government

• Pub. = Public

• Untd. Suf. = Untold Sufferings

• Infl. = Influence

Travelling is a means of education. The real aim of education is character building. When we travel, we have to put things in order. We have to buy our tickets and catch the train at the right time. The rich men, can indeed, get all this done by their servants, but India is a country of the poor. In journey we have to help ourselves. We learn many new things by seeing different places and by conversing with people of all kinds. In Europe education without travelling is considered incomplete. In ancient India great importance was given to pilgrimage. Travelling in this country is a great pleasure.

Title: Travelling as Education

1. Travelling & Education

• 1.1 Travelling → means of education

• 1.2 Real aim of education: character building

2. Self-Reliance During Travel

• 2.1 Must organize tickets, catch train on time

• 2.2 Rich can use servants, but most in India are poor → self-help necessary

3. Learning Opportunities

• 3.1 Learn new things by visiting places

• 3.2 Converse with people of different kinds

• 3.3 In Europe, education without travelling → incomplete

• 3.4 Ancient India: pilgrimage considered important

4. Pleasure of Travelling

• 4.1 Travelling in India → great pleasure

Abbreviations (Abr.):

• Trav. = Travelling

• Edu. = Education

• Char. Bldg. = Character Building

• Self-Hlp. = Self-Help

• Pilgr. = Pilgrimage

Global Warming is caused by the increase of carbon dioxide levels in the earth’s atmosphere and a result of human activities that have been causing harm to our environment for the past few centuries now. Global Warming is something that can’t be ignored and steps have to be taken to tackle the situation globally. The average temperature is constantly rising by 1.5 degrees Celsius for the last few years. The best method to prevent future damage to the earth, cutting down of more forests should be banned and Afforestation should be encouraged. Start by planting trees near your homes and offices, participate in events, teach the importance of planting trees. It is impossible to undo the damage but it is possible to stop further harm. Glaciers have been melting, many countries have started water shortage, flooding, erosion and all this is because of global warming. No one can be blamed for global warming except for humans. Human activities such as gases released from power plants, transportation, deforestation have resulted in the increase of gases such as carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants in the earth’s atmosphere. The main question is how can we control the current situation and build a better world for future generations.

Title: Global Warming

1. Causes

• 1.1 Increase of CO₂ levels in atmosphere

• 1.2 Result of human activities over past centuries

• 1.3 Human activities:

  • 1.3.1 Gases from power plants, transport

  • 1.3.2 Deforestation

  • 1.3.3 Release of CFCs & pollutants

2. Effects

• 2.1 Rise in average temp.: +1.5°C in recent years

• 2.2 Melting glaciers

• 2.3 Water shortages, flooding, erosion

• 2.4 Environmental harm due to human activity

3. Prevention & Control

• 3.1 Ban cutting of forests

• 3.2 Encourage afforestation

• 3.3 Plant trees near homes/offices

• 3.4 Participate in awareness events, teach importance of trees

• 3.5 Stop further harm; damage already done cannot be undone

4. Responsibility

• 4.1 Humans are solely responsible

• 4.2 Need global effort to control situation & secure future

Abbreviations (Abr.):

• CO₂ = Carbon Dioxide

• Temp. = Temperature

• CFCs = Chlorofluorocarbons

• Transp. = Transportation

• Affor. = Afforestation

• Env. = Environment

India is a land of unity in diversity. It is a vast country with numerous variations in races, cultures, languages and even geographical features. In many countries of the world, major geographical features divide international borders, e.g. Nepal and China separated by the Himalayas. However, in India, we have learned to live in diversity, and our geographical features further solidify this bond. The Punjab region is known for being one of the most potent agricultural lands on earth. The Northern Mountainous region has come across different people and different languages, though all of them are closely related to India. In the Rajasthan desert, we come across Rajasthani languages and culture, all part of India, yet distinct in their culture and language. To the further south come the people of Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Kerala, Karnataka, all distinctive languages, known for their local food based on coconut oil and a variation on the Hindu religion. India is a plural society. 

Its unity and diversity characterize it. Despite several foreign invasions, Mughal rule and British rule, the nation’s unity and integrity have been maintained. It is this synthesis that has made India a unique mosaic of cultures. India fought against the British Raj as one unified entity. The existence of diverse languages, religions and cultures, foreign visitors and immigration from other parts of the world have made India’s culture tolerant. The sources of diversity in India may be traced through a variety of ways.

Title: Unity in Diversity in India

1. General Features

• 1.1 India = land of unity in diversity

• 1.2 Vast country with variations in:

  • 1.2.1 Races

  • 1.2.2 Cultures

  • 1.2.3 Languages

  • 1.2.4 Geographical features

2. Geographical & Cultural Diversity

• 2.1 Punjab → fertile agricultural land

• 2.2 Northern Mountains → different people & languages

• 2.3 Rajasthan Desert → distinct culture & language

• 2.4 South India (Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Kerala, Karnataka) → distinctive languages, local food (coconut oil), variations in Hindu religion

3. Unity Despite Diversity

• 3.1 India = plural society

• 3.2 Unity & diversity maintained despite:

  • 3.2.1 Foreign invasions

  • 3.2.2 Mughal rule

  • 3.2.3 British rule

• 3.3 India fought British Raj as unified entity

4. Cultural Synthesis & Tolerance

• 4.1 Mosaic of cultures → unique identity

• 4.2 Influence of foreign visitors & immigration → tolerant culture

• 4.3 Diversity traced through: languages, religions, cultures

Abbreviations (Abr.):

• India = Bharat

• Cult. = Culture/Cultural

• Lang. = Language

• Nth. = Northern

• Sth. = Southern

• Agr. = Agricultural

• Raj = British Raj

• Plural Soc. = Plural Society

Education holds a crucial role in human life. One needs to go to schools and colleges to get an education. As a learner and gainer of education, one’s student life takes off. This is the time when he or she has to learn and know a range of subjects. As a student, we read a lot of books, study many subjects, involve in multiple sports, games and other academic activities. Student life involves fewer struggles, more fun, fewer problems, and more joy. Students do a lot of mischievous activities during their student life. But they also learn moral values that make them a gentleman providing them with a distinct identity in society. Your future totally depends on how has your student life been. But having finished our education, we are still called students because education and learning never end. If it does for you, you are not a real learner. That is why we should always keep learning and growing into a better version of ourselves. It is said that “Student life is the best life” because it keeps you growing.

Title: Student Life & Education

1. Importance of Education (Edu.)

• 1.1 Crucial role in human life

• 1.2 Schools & colleges → source of education

• 1.3 Student life = time to learn & gain knowledge

• 1.4 Study range of subjects, books, sports, games, academic activities

2. Features of Student Life

• 2.1 Fewer struggles, more fun & joy

• 2.2 Mischievous activities common

• 2.3 Learning moral values → builds character, distinct identity in society

• 2.4 Future depends on quality of student life

3. Lifelong Learning

• 3.1 Even after finishing formal education → still students

• 3.2 Education & learning never end

• 3.3 Continuous learning → better version of oneself

• 3.4 “Student life is the best life” → promotes growth

Abbreviations (Abr.):

• Edu. = Education

• Stud. = Student/Student Life

• Acad. = Academic

• Mor. Val. = Moral Values

• Fut. = Future

The state of Madhya Pradesh was created on 1 November 1956. As it is the central region of India, it is also known as the ‘Heart of India’. Bhopal is the capital city of Madhya Pradesh. Indore is the largest city in the state. After Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state in terms of area. Madhya Pradesh stands fifth in terms of population after Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar. and West Bengal. The state shares its borders with Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh has a sub-tropical climate. It has a hot dry summer followed by monsoon from July to September. Winter in this state is fairly cool and dry. Crops like rice, wheat, soya bean, pulses and mustard are grown on a large scale. The major types of soils found in the state are black soil mainly in Malwa region, red and yellow soil in Baghelkhand region, alluvial soil in Northern Madhya Pradesh, laterite soil in highland areas and mixed soil in parts of Gwalior and Chambal division

Title: Madhya Pradesh (MP)

1. General Info

• 1.1 State formed: 1 Nov 1956

• 1.2 Central India → “Heart of India”

• 1.3 Capital: Bhopal

• 1.4 Largest city: Indore

• 1.5 Area: 2nd largest in India after Rajasthan

• 1.6 Population: 5th largest after UP, Maharashtra, Bihar, WB

• 1.7 Borders: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, UP

2. Climate

• 2.1 Sub-tropical climate

• 2.2 Hot dry summer

• 2.3 Monsoon: July–Sept

• 2.4 Winter: fairly cool & dry

3. Agriculture

• 3.1 Major crops: rice, wheat, soya bean, pulses, mustard

4. Soil Types

• 4.1 Black soil → Malwa region

• 4.2 Red & yellow soil → Baghelkhand region

• 4.3 Alluvial soil → Northern MP

• 4.4 Laterite soil → Highland areas

• 4.5 Mixed soil → parts of Gwalior & Chambal division

Abbreviations (Abr.):

• MP = Madhya Pradesh

• UP = Uttar Pradesh

• WB = West Bengal

• Crops = Agricultural crops

Kanha National Park is nestled in the Maikal range of Satpuras in Madhya Pradesh, the heart of India that forms the central Indian highlands.The national park is being popularized as the Tiger reserve and interestingly is being declared as one of the finest wildlife areas in the world. Spreading across two revenue districts the Mandala and the Kalaghat, Kanha National Park was declared a reserve forest in 1879 and revalued as a wildlife sanctuary in 1933. Its position was further upgraded to a national park in 1955.The Kanha National Park is spread across the area of 940 sq km in the Maikal chain of hills. By bringing up the buffer and core zone all together, the Kanha Tiger Reserve has the total area of 1945 sq km. The landscapes and the surrounding luxurious meadows along with the wooded strands and the dense maroons of forests offer magnanimous sightseeing experiences for the nature lovers. 

Making the land more beautiful and adorable, the crystal-clear streams amidst the dense jungle cleanses the surroundings and makes the wildlife unrivalled. This vivacious land has been the source of inspiration for Rudyard Kipling, a famous writer for his outstanding creation- “The Jungle Book”.The Kanha National Park is the ideal home for wide ranges of wild creatures; right from the mighty tigers to the most populated Barasingha and the countless species of plants, birds, reptiles and insects.

Title: Kanha National Park

1. Location & Geography

• 1.1 Situated in Maikal range of Satpuras, Madhya Pradesh (Heart of India)

• 1.2 Forms part of Central Indian highlands

• 1.3 Spread across Mandala & Kalaghat districts

• 1.4 Area:

  • 1.4.1 National Park = 940 sq km

  • 1.4.2 Tiger Reserve (core + buffer) = 1945 sq km

2. History

• 2.1 Reserve forest → 1879

• 2.2 Wildlife sanctuary → 1933

• 2.3 National park → 1955

3. Features & Attractions

• 3.1 Landscapes: meadows, wooded strands, dense forests

• 3.2 Clear streams amidst jungle

• 3.3 Inspiration for Rudyard Kipling’s “The Jungle Book”

4. Flora & Fauna

• 4.1 Tigers (mighty)

• 4.2 Barasingha (most populated)

• 4.3 Wide range of plants, birds, reptiles, insects

Abbreviations (Abr.):

• NP = National Park

• MP = Madhya Pradesh

• Sq km = Square Kilometres

• Fauna = Animals/Wildlife

• Flora = Plants

• Barasingha = Swamp Deer